I am listing 5 best Nappys in USA. When Using this product, Babies feel comfort and nappies having long durability. I am also explain what method they are using and how they are made and what their pros and cons. Additionally, You can choose any one of the hygienic nappy for your babies.
What is Nappys
Nappys is an informal term often used to describe diapers, particularly in British English. It’s commonly used in casual conversation, particularly among parents discussing baby care essentials. You can also use this word to buy a nappys online.
Top 5 Nappys in US Market
Benefits of Nappys
The benefits of nappies include keeping babies dry and comfortable, preventing leaks and accidents, promoting better sleep for both babies and parents, and providing convenience for on-the-go diaper changes. Additionally, modern nappies often feature absorbent materials and innovative designs for enhanced comfort and leak protection. There are two main types of nappies, each with their own set of benefits:
Disposable Nappies
When busy parents using this product for their babies, It is easy to use and change, disposable nappies, Therefore It noted as huge timesaver. But No washing or prepping is needed.
Modern disposable nappies are highly absorbent and designed to prevent leaks, keeping your baby dry and comfortable.
Babies Feeling Uninterrupted Sleep: Disposable nappies can hold a lot of liquid, allowing your baby to sleep through the night without needing a change.
Many disposable nappies are now made with breathable skin health materials and wetness indicators, helping to reduce the risk of diaper rash.
Cloth Nappies
By far the most environmentally friendly option, cloth nappies create significantly less waste compared to disposables.
Although there’s an initial investment, cloth nappies are reusable, saving you money in the long run.
Basically, Nappies are made from natural Skin-Friendly materials like cotton, cloth nappies are often gentler on your baby’s delicate skin.
Some parents believe that babies in cloth nappies are more aware of wetness, potentially aiding in earlier potty training.
Here’s a quick table summarizing the key benefits:
Feature | Disposable Nappies | Cloth Nappies |
---|---|---|
Convenience | High | Low |
Leak Prevention | High | Moderate |
Uninterrupted Sleep | High | Moderate |
Skin Health | Moderate | High |
Eco-Friendly | Low | High |
Cost-Effective | Low | High |
key features
Here are some key features of nappies (diapers) commonly found in the USA
Core Functionality
The primary function of nappys is to absorb large amounts of liquid waste, keeping the baby’s skin dry and comfortable. But This is achieved through a combination of materials like fluff pulp, superabsorbent polymers, and leakproof barriers. Nowadays modern diapers are designed with features like elastic waistbands, leg cuffs, and leak guards to minimize the risk of leaks, especially around the legs and back.
Additional Features
- Diapers are made with soft, gentle materials like cotton-like surfaces to prevent chafing and irritation on delicate baby skin.
- Many nappys have a wetness indicator, a colored line that changes when the diaper becomes wet, helping parents know when it’s time for a change.
- Then this features is very important. Various sizes and stages diapers are designed to fit different age groups and growth spurts.
- Same time, Some nappys offer enhanced absorbency for nighttime use, providing extended protection against leaks.
- You can also experience additional features might include features like breathable materials, umbilical cord cutouts for newborns, and fragrance-free options.
Types of Nappies
- Disposable Nappies: The most common type, offering convenience and ease of use.
- Cloth Nappies: A more eco-friendly and reusable option, requiring washing and preparation.
- Training Pants: Designed to help toddlers transition to potty training by resembling underwear but offering some leak protection.
- Adult Incontinence Products: Similar features to baby diapers but tailored for adults with incontinence needs.
Additional Considerations in the USA
Some brands offer eco-friendly nappys made with recycled materials or biodegradable components. Additionally, Parents may choose hypoallergenic options for babies with sensitive skin. Same time prices can vary depending on brand, features, and size.
5 Nappys in USA
Once you understand above mentioned key features, Selecting branded nappys is easy. So it helps to make decision. Now Here are 5 of the top branded nappies (diapers) in the USA, known for their popularity and performance:
Pampers
There is nothing to deny here. Pampers is a household name and the leading brand in the US diaper market. This established reputation often translates to trust and confidence in the product’s quality and performance. Ultimately They offer various lines like Swaddlers, Cruisers, and Baby Dry, known for their softness, leak protection, and absorbency.
Here are some compelling reasons why many parents in the USA choose Pampers diapers:
Reliability
Pampers offers a wide range of diaper lines like Swaddlers, Cruisers, and Baby Dry, catering to different age groups, needs, and activity levels. Frequently Pampers nappys is recommended by pediatricians, further solidifying its reputation as a reliable choice for baby care.
Key Features and Benefits:
This Brand are known for their soft materials and gentle feel, prioritizing baby’s comfort and skin health. Additionally, Their diapers boast effective leak prevention through features like elastic waistbands, leg cuffs, and leak guards, minimizing the risk of messes. Because pampers utilizes high-quality materials that excel in absorbing large amounts of liquid, keeping babies dry and comfortable for extended periods. So, Following additional features is possible in pampers. Here Many Pampers lines offer additional features like wetness indicators, breathable materials, and umbilical cord cutouts for newborns, providing convenience and thoughtful design.
Other Considerations:
- Pampers are widely available across the USA, making them easily accessible to most parents.
- Variety of Price Points: While not always the cheapest option, Pampers offers different lines and sizes catering to various budgets.
- Pampers is increasingly incorporating sustainable practices, offering eco-friendly options like the Pure Protection line.
While other brands offer strong competition, Pampers consistently delivers on key performance factors and remains a popular choice for parents seeking a reliable and trusted diaper brand in the USA.
Pros
Pampers are disposable, no need for washing and prepping cloth diapers, saving parents significant time and effort.
Changing diapers is a breeze with Pampers. They are readily available and easy to put on and remove, especially helpful for busy parents or during travel.
This brand are widely available in most offline and online stores across the USA.
Leak Protection and Performance: these term already you read on top of this topic. High Absorbency, Effective Leak Prevention
Variety of Lines and Sizes: Pampers offers different diaper lines like Swaddlers, Cruisers, and Baby Dry, catering to different age groups, needs, and activity levels.
Breathable Materials, Softness and Gentleness
Wetness Indicators: Alerting parents when it’s time for a change, promoting hygiene and preventing potential discomfort.
Cons
Pampers are generally more expensive than some other diaper brands, especially when buying in bulk. This can be a significant factor for budget-conscious parents.
Disposable nappys, including Pampers, take hundreds of years to decompose and contribute significantly to landfill waste. While Pampers offers some eco-friendly lines like Pure Protection, they are not a truly sustainable solution.
Although Pampers are designed to be gentle on baby’s skin, some babies may experience sensitivities to the materials used, leading to diaper rash. Additionally, While Pampers generally have good leak protection, no diaper is perfect, and leaks can still occur occasionally, especially with active babies.
Some parents believe that the convenience of disposable diapers can delay a child’s potty training awareness compared to using cloth nappys.
While some parents prefer the scented option, fragrances in diapers can irritate sensitive skin and potentially raise health concerns.
Limited Reusability: Unlike cloth diapers, Pampers are meant for single use, generating a constant stream of waste and requiring frequent purchases.
Unit Cost of Pampers Nappys in USA
general estimate of the price per unit range for Pampers diapers in the USA:
- Pampers cost range from Approximately 18 cents to 27 cents per diaper.
- Breakdown:
- Smaller packs (e.g., 12-24 diapers): May cost closer to 25-27 cents per diaper.
- Larger packs (e.g., 80-132 diapers): Can bring the price down to around 18-22 cents per diaper.
Here are some resources to help you find specific prices:
- Pampers Website: Check the official Pampers website for their current pricing and promotions.
- Retailer Websites: Major retailers like Amazon, Walmart, Target, etc., often list prices for individual diaper packs.
- Price Comparison Websites: Websites like Google Shopping can help compare prices across different retailers.
The overall experience of Pampers diapers is typically positive, as they are known for their reliability, comfort, and convenience. Parents appreciate their absorbency, leak protection, and softness, which help keep babies dry and comfortable. Pampers offers a range of options, including different sizes and styles to suit babies’ needs as they grow.
Huggies
Another major player, Huggies offers lines like Little Snugglers, Little Movers, and Drynites. They are known for their affordability, comfort, and leak-proof features. Additionally, Huggies focus on skin health, competitive pricing, and strong performance make them a compelling alternative for many parents in the USA, especially those with concerns about sensitive skin or budget constraints.
Here are some key reasons why parents in the USA market choose Huggies diapers:
Focus on Skin Health
Huggies prioritizes gentle materials and designs their nappys to minimize irritation and promote healthy skin. This is especially appealing to parents with babies prone to diaper rash or sensitive skin.
Huggies products are rigorously tested by dermatologists, providing reassurance to parents concerned about potential skin reactions.
Certain lines of Huggies products, such as Natural Care Sensitive wipes, carry the National Eczema Association Seal. This signifies their suitability for eczema-prone skin, which is a significant concern for many families.
Performance and Value
Huggies utilizes features like Leak Lock protection and Sure Fit waistband to minimize leaks and keep babies dry and comfortable. Additionally, Huggies nappys offer high absorbency to handle large amounts of liquid, ensuring extended dryness and comfort. Like Pampers, Huggies offers various diaper lines catering to different age groups and needs, providing parents with choice and flexibility. Same time, Huggies are often priced slightly lower than Pampers, making them a potentially more budget-friendly option for some parents.
Additional Considerations
Huggies are readily available in most stores across the USA, similar to Pampers, ensuring convenient access. Additionally, Huggies actively supports the National Diaper Bank Network, contributing to diaper accessibility for families in need, which resonates with parents who value social responsibility. Also, Huggies has a strong marketing presence and brand recognition in the US market, making them a familiar and trusted choice for many parents.
Pros
Huggies prioritizes gentle materials and designs their diapers to minimize irritation and promote healthy skin, especially beneficial for babies with sensitive skin.
This Nappys Rigorous testing by dermatologists provides reassurance for parents concerned about potential skin reactions.
This diaper brand having features like Leak Lock and Sure Fit waistbands effectively prevent leaks and keep babies dry.
Huggies diapers offer high absorbency to handle large amounts of liquid, ensuring extended dryness and comfort.
Variety of Lines and Sizes: Different lines like Little Snugglers, Little Movers, and Drynites cater to various age groups and needs, offering flexibility for parents.
Huggies are often priced slightly lower than Pampers, making them a potentially more budget-friendly option. This brand available across the USA.
Support for the National Diaper Bank Network contributes to diaper accessibility for families in need.
Cons
It has Limited Transparency. Because Huggies doesn’t always disclose all materials used in their diapers, making it harder for parents with specific concerns to make informed choices.
Like other disposable diapers, Huggies contribute significantly to landfill waste. So This product may cause environmental impact and it is less eco-friendly.
Some parents find Huggies diapers to be bulkier compared to other brands, which might be a concern for tight-fitting clothing.
Despite the focus on skin health, some babies may still experience diaper rash with Huggies, especially if sensitive.
While strong, the marketing focus might lead some parents to overlook alternative brands offering similar features.
Cost of Huggies in USA
general estimate of the unit cost range for Huggies diapers in the USA:
- Unit Price of Huggies Approximately from 25 cents to 32 cents per diaper.
- Breakdown:
- Smaller packs (e.g., 12-24 diapers): May cost closer to 30-32 cents per diaper.
- Larger packs (e.g., 80-132 diapers): Can bring the price down to around 25-28 cents per diaper.
Ultimately, the choice between Huggies and other brands depends on individual priorities and needs. Huggies offer a strong combination of skin health focus, performance, and affordability, making them a popular choice for many parents in the USA. However, their lack of complete transparency and limited eco-friendly options might be drawbacks for some.
Seventh Generation
Another eco-conscious brand, Seventh Generation offers diapers made with plant-based materials and free from harsh chemicals. They are popular among parents seeking sustainable and gentle options for their babies.
Here are some compelling reasons why parents in the USA choose Seventh Generation diapers:
Focus on Sustainability and Gentle Materials
Seventh Generation diapers are made with FSC-certified, sustainably sourced plant-based pulp, prioritizing eco-friendly practices and minimizing environmental impact. Same time, They use a totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching process, avoiding harsh chemicals and potential environmental harm compared to some other brands. Additionally, Seventh Generation diapers are the first and only diapers to be USDA Certified Biobased, meaning they contain at least 30% biobased materials. Ultimately, Free from fragrances, lotions, and other potential irritants, making them suitable for babies with sensitive skin.Performance and Functionality
Seventh Generation diapers offer good leak protection and absorbency, ensuring your baby stays dry and comfortable for extended periods. Additionally, This product have FreshAIR Breathable Layer. So, This feature helps release humidity, promoting skin health and reducing the risk of diaper rash. Therefore, Many parents report positive experiences with Seventh Generation diapers, praising their performance, comfort, and gentle nature.
Additional Considerations
Commitment to Social Responsibility: Seventh Generation actively supports various environmental and social causes, appealing to parents who value ethical practices. Also, They strive for transparency by clearly listing ingredients used in their diapers.
Pros
The Hot Carbonating Extraction (HCE) process offers deep cleaning, lifting dirt and grime effectively. Also The HCE process effectively removes allergens, contributing to a healthier indoor environment. Faster Drying Times, Because They are using significantly less water compared to steam cleaning, carpets dry much quicker, minimizing disruption.
Eco-Friendly Solutions: Their cleaning solutions are non-toxic, soap-free, and leave no residue, making them safer for families and allergy sufferers.
The lack of soapy residue helps carpets stay cleaner for longer, potentially reducing cleaning frequency. Chem-Dry also offers various cleaning services beyond carpets, providing comprehensive solutions.
Franchise Network: Wider accessibility with consistent service standards across different regions.
Cons
Chem-Dry services might be slightly more expensive compared to traditional steam cleaning methods. But Pricing information might not be readily available online, requiring contact for specific quotes.
While faster than steam cleaning, carpets might still take a few hours to dry completely. But Certain tough stains might require additional cleaning methods alongside the HCE process.
Cost of Seventh Generation nappys in USA
Seventh Generation diapers tend to be on the pricier side compared to some other popular brands, but their focus on sustainability and gentle materials comes at a cost.
Unit Cost of seventh generation nappys Approximately from 40 cents to 58 cents per diaper.
Breakdown:
- Smaller packs (e.g., 24-27 diapers): May cost closer to 50-58 cents per diaper.
- Larger packs (e.g., 72-80 diapers): Can bring the price down to around 40-47 cents per diaper.
Overall, Seventh Generation diapers offer a compelling choice for parents seeking eco-friendly, gentle, and high-quality diapers with a focus on sustainability and social responsibility. However, the higher cost, potential availability limitations, and occasional performance concerns might be factors to weigh against other options.
Kirkland Signature (Costco)
Costco’s own diaper brand, Kirkland Signature, offers a highly affordable option with quality comparable to leading brands. They are known for their value and bulk pack options.
Here are some compelling reasons why parents in the USA choose Kirkland Signature (Costco) diapers:
Value and Affordability
Kirkland Signature diapers are generally much cheaper than leading brands like Pampers and Huggies, offering substantial savings for budget-conscious parents. Additionally, Costco offers diapers in large packs, further reducing the cost per diaper compared to smaller individual purchases.
Performance and Quality
While not identical, Kirkland Signature diapers are often praised for their performance, offering good absorbency, leak protection, and a comfortable fit. Additionally, Many parents report positive experiences with Kirkland diapers, highlighting their effectiveness and value compared to the price. Some speculate that Kirkland Signature diapers may be manufactured by the same company that makes Huggies, potentially contributing to their comparable quality.
Additional Benefits
Kirkland diapers are made with at least 23% plant-based materials, appealing to parents seeking a more sustainable option. So, They are free from common irritants like fragrances, lotions, and natural rubber latex, making them suitable for sensitive skin. Additionally, It has wetness indicator. This is Available exclusively at Costco stores, offering a convenient one-stop shopping experience for parents who already shop there.
Pros
*Kirkland Signature diapers are significantly cheaper than leading brands like Pampers and Huggies, offering substantial savings for budget-conscious parents.
Costco offers diapers in large packs, further reducing the cost per diaper compared to smaller individual purchases.
While not identical, Kirkland Signature diapers are often praised for their performance, offering good absorbency, leak protection, and a comfortable fit.
Many parents report positive experiences with Kirkland diapers, highlighting their effectiveness and value compared to the price.
Some speculate that Kirkland Signature diapers may be manufactured by the same company that makes Huggies, potentially contributing to their comparable quality.
Cons
Costco’s bulk buying model might not be suitable for parents who prefer smaller quantities or want to try the diapers before committing to a large pack.
Kirkland Signature diapers are only available at Costco stores, which can be inconvenient for parents who don’t have a membership or live far from a location.
Some parents report occasional inconsistencies in quality or performance across different batches, although this is not a widespread issue.
While using plant-based materials, Kirkland diapers aren’t known for prioritizing other eco-friendly practices compared to some other brands.
While generally gentle, some babies may rarely experience diaper rash with Kirkland diapers, especially if prone to sensitive skin.
Cost of Kirkland Signature Diapers in USA
Kirkland Signature Diapers Price Range approximately from 20 cents to 39 cents per diaper.
- Breakdown:
- Costco Website: Prices typically fall within the 20-25 cents per diaper range for larger packs (e.g., 174-192 count).
- Other Retailers: Prices might be slightly higher on platforms like Amazon, potentially reaching around 35-39 cents per diaper.
Here are some examples:
- Kirkland Signature Diapers Sizes 1-2 (192 Count): On the Costco website, this pack comes out to approximately 20.8 cents per diaper.
- Kirkland Signature Diapers Size 5 (27 lbs +) 150 Count with Wipes: On Amazon, this bundle costs around $58, which translates roughly to 39 cents per diaper.
Overall, Kirkland Signature diapers offer a compelling choice for parents seeking a high-quality, affordable diaper option. Their value, performance, and convenience make them a popular choice for many families in the USA. However, the limited availability, potential for inconsistencies, and bulk buying requirement might be factors to consider.
The Honest Company
A well known diaper brand is The Honest Company. Ultimately, This brand focuses on plant-based, eco-friendly materials and offers hypoallergenic options for sensitive skin. Their Clean Conscious Diapers are popular for their gentle design and sustainable practices.
Here are some compelling reasons why parents in the USA choose The Honest Company for baby diapers:
Focus on Natural and Gentle Materials
Honest diapers are made with plant-based materials like sustainably sourced wood pulp and fluff, prioritizing natural and gentle components against your baby’s delicate skin. Basically, These diapers are designed to minimize the risk of allergic reactions like hypoallergenic and diaper rash, catering to babies with sensitive skin. Additionally, This brand is Free of Harmful Chemicals. Because They avoids using ingredients like fragrances, lotions, chlorine processing, and latex, potentially reducing irritation and promoting skin health.
Sustainability Efforts
The Honest Company prioritizes Eco-Friendly practices throughout their diaper production, utilizing recycled materials and minimizing environmental impact. So, Their diapers are certified free of harmful substances (OEKO-TEX Standard 100), ensuring a safer choice for your baby and the environment. Additionally, For every diaper purchase, Honest plants a tree, contributing to environmental restoration and offsetting their carbon footprint.
Additional Benefits
Despite using plant-based materials, Honest diapers offer good leak protection and absorbency to keep babies dry and comfortable. Most of these diapers come in various cute and playful designs, adding a touch of fun to diaper changes. This brand also offer a Subscription Service. So, Convenient subscription options make it easier to maintain a consistent diaper supply. Honest partners with organizations like Baby2Baby and March of Dimes, supporting social causes and giving back to the community.
Pros
Pros for this brand is same as The Honest Company Introduction paragraph. If you need to know pros kindly read that paragraph again.
Cons
Honest diapers are generally more expensive than some other popular brands, like Pampers and Huggies. Additionally, They may not be as readily available in all stores compared to major brands. These are main drawbacks to this brand. may be future they will expand their marketing for customer service and company growth.
Some reviews suggest that while they are good, they might not offer the absolute best performance in terms of leak protection and absorbency compared to some competitors, especially overnight.
Some parents find that Honest diapers run slightly small, requiring size adjustments sooner.
Cost of The Honest Company diapers in the USA
Unit Cost of The honest company nappys approximately from 35 cents to 44 cents per diaper.
- Breakdown:
- Smaller packs (e.g., 23-27 diapers): May cost closer to 40-44 cents per diaper.
- Larger packs (e.g., 56-72 diapers): Can bring the price down to around 35-38 cents per diaper.
Overall, The Honest Company offers a compelling choice for parents seeking eco-friendly, gentle, and stylish diapers with a focus on natural materials and social responsibility. However, the higher cost and potential performance considerations might be factors to weigh against other options.
How Nappys Made
The process of making disposable diapers is quite complex and involves several key steps:
Raw Materials
A very important material used in Nappies is pulp, which is often sourced from pine trees and processed to create a soft, absorbent material for the core. Second most important is Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs), which usually made from sodium polyacrylate, are crucial for absorbing large amounts of liquid and turning it into a gel. Additionally, other materials like cotton fluff, non-woven fabrics, elastics, adhesives, and waterproof films are also used.
Manufacturing Process
- Core Formation: Pulp and SAPs are mixed and layered to create the highly absorbent core of the diaper.
- Layering: Different layers, including the topsheet (soft layer next to the baby’s skin), acquisition layer (distributes liquid), backsheet (waterproof layer), leg cuffs, and fastening tapes, are assembled.
- Shaping and Cutting: The diaper is shaped and leg holes are precisely cut.
- Quality Control: Each diaper undergoes rigorous checks for leaks, absorbency, and overall quality.
- Packaging: Individual diapers are folded, packaged, and boxed for distribution.
Layers in Diapers
Disposable diapers are marvels of modern technology, designed to keep babies comfortable and dry. They achieve this through a combination of different layers, each with a specific function:
Topsheet
This is the soft, inner layer that directly touches your baby’s skin. It’s typically made of non-woven materials like polypropylene and is designed to quickly absorb urine and other liquids. Additionally, it remains dry and soft to the touch, preventing skin irritation. Some topsheets may contain lotions or emollients for added skin protection.
Acquisition/Distribution Layer (ADL)
This layer sits beneath the top sheet and plays a crucial role in distributing the absorbed liquid evenly throughout the diaper core. Additionally, it prevents the liquid from resurfacing back to the top sheet, keeping the baby’s skin dry.
Absorbent Core
This is the thickest and most important layer, responsible for absorbing and storing large amounts of liquid. Primarily, it consists of Polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers (SAPs): These tiny, gel-like crystals absorb and trap large quantities of fluid, turning it into a gel. Additionally, it contains cellulose fluff pulp: This natural material adds bulk and further absorbs liquid.
Backsheet
This waterproof outer layer, which is made of a plastic film, prevents leaks and keeps moisture from escaping the nappies. Additionally, it is typically breathable, allowing air circulation to prevent skin irritation.
Additional Layers
- Leg cuffs: Elasticated leg openings that provide a snug fit and prevent leaks around the legs.
- Fastening tapes: Securely hold the diaper in place and allow for adjustments for a comfortable fit.
Here’s a quick summary of the diaper layers and their functions:
Layer | Function |
---|---|
Topsheet | Soft, absorbent layer next to baby’s skin |
Acquisition/Distribution Layer (ADL) | Distributes liquid evenly within the core |
Absorbent Core | Absorbs and stores large amounts of liquid |
Backsheet | Waterproof outer layer prevents leaks |
Leg cuffs | Provide a snug fit around the legs |
Fastening tapes | Secure the diaper and allow for adjustments |
Compare Top 5 brands Diapers
Here’s a comparison of the 5 diaper brands you requested:
Feature | Pampers | Huggies | The Honest Company | Kirkland Signature | Seventh Generation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost per diaper | Moderate-High | Moderate-High | High | Very Low | High |
Performance | Very good | Very good | Good | Good | Good |
Sustainability | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High |
Materials | Conventional materials | Conventional materials | Plant-based materials | Plant-based materials | Plant-based and Biobased materials |
Availability | Widely available | Widely available | Online and select retailers | Costco only | Online and select retailers |
Wetness indicator | Yes (most lines) | Yes (most lines) | No | Yes | Yes |
Additional features | Variety of lines and features | Variety of lines and features | Stylish designs | Bulk purchasing | Chlorine-free processing |
Recall
FAQ
Determining the best diaper brand is subjective. Kirkland Signature is cost-effective, Pampers and Huggies offer reliable performance, and The Honest Company and Seventh Generation prioritize sustainability. Pampers and Huggies are widely available, while The Honest Company and Seventh Generation may require online ordering. Ultimately, finding the best diaper involves trial and preference.
Pampers is widely recommended by pediatricians. Praised for performance and sensitivity, Pampers offers diverse sizes and features. Hospitals trust Pampers Swaddlers on newborns. However, doctor recommendations vary, and other brands like Huggies, The Honest Company, and Seventh Generation also offer strong options.